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| Unknown | 1988-09-15 | 32.0 KB |
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MacOS 8.1
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Win98
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hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
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|00001e60| 00 3b 01 00 00 3d 01 00 | 00 3e 01 00 00 3f 01 00 |.;...=..|.>...?..|
|00001e70| 00 40 01 00 00 41 01 00 | 00 42 00 a3 00 43 00 cb |.@...A..|.B...C..|
|00001e80| 00 00 00 1e 00 00 00 00 | 01 4b 00 03 00 00 00 0d |........|.K......|
|00001e90| 00 00 00 00 04 4a 00 06 | 00 00 16 48 00 00 00 00 |.....J..|...H....|
|00001ea0| 00 42 00 00 05 a6 00 02 | 00 00 01 4b 00 02 00 00 |.B......|...K....|
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|00001ec0| 00 00 00 01 00 02 00 00 | 00 60 00 06 00 00 00 26 |........|.`.....&|
|00001ed0| 00 06 00 00 00 37 00 06 | 00 00 00 44 00 06 00 00 |.....7..|...D....|
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|00002080| 65 6e 65 66 69 74 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 20 6d 20 6c 79 |enefit f|rom m ly|
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|000020a0| 4d 42 41 53 49 43 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 |MBASIC f|rom the |
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|00002100| 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 04 | 00 48 00 16 00 00 00 06 |........|.H......|
|00002110| 00 01 00 00 00 16 00 00 | 00 06 00 01 00 00 00 16 |........|........|
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|00002200| 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 04 | 00 4a 00 16 00 00 00 06 |........|.J......|
|00002210| 00 01 00 00 00 16 00 00 | 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 16 |........|........|
|00002220| 00 00 00 00 64 20 77 69 | 74 68 20 42 61 73 69 63 |....d wi|th Basic|
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|00002290| 65 72 65 73 74 65 64 20 | 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 |erested |only in |
|000022a0| 74 68 65 20 62 65 73 74 | 20 63 68 6f 69 63 65 20 |the best| choice |
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|00002300| 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 04 | 00 4e 00 02 00 00 00 06 |........|.N......|
|00002310| 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 | 00 06 00 03 00 00 00 02 |........|........|
|00002320| 00 00 00 00 20 74 72 79 | 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 73 |.... try|ing to s|
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|00002400| 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 04 | 00 51 00 16 00 00 00 06 |........|.Q......|
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|00002500| 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 04 | 00 53 00 16 00 00 00 06 |........|.S......|
|00002510| 00 01 00 00 00 16 00 00 | 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 16 |........|........|
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|00002600| 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 04 | 00 55 00 02 00 00 00 06 |........|.U......|
|00002610| 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 | 00 06 00 03 00 00 00 02 |........|........|
|00002620| 00 00 00 00 20 61 6c 6c | 20 75 6e 6e 65 63 65 73 |.... all| unneces|
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|00002710| 00 01 00 00 00 16 00 00 | 00 06 00 01 00 00 00 16 |........|........|
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|00002800| 00 00 00 16 00 00 00 04 | 00 59 00 16 00 00 00 06 |........|.Y......|
|00002810| 00 01 00 00 00 16 00 00 | 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 16 |........|........|
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|00002900| 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 04 | 00 5b 00 02 00 00 00 06 |........|.[......|
|00002910| 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 | 00 06 00 03 00 00 00 02 |........|........|
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|00002b80| 09 54 68 65 20 61 63 74 | 75 61 6c 20 74 69 6d 69 |.The act|ual timi|
|00002b90| 6e 67 73 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 20 |ngs will| depend |
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|00002bb0| 73 20 70 65 72 66 6f 72 | 6d 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 |s perfor|med with|
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|00002bf0| 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 2e | 20 54 68 65 20 6c 00 00 |he same.| The l..|
|00002c00| 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 04 | 00 61 00 02 00 00 00 06 |........|.a......|
|00002c10| 00 02 00 00 00 02 00 00 | 00 06 00 03 00 00 00 02 |........|........|
|00002c20| 00 00 00 00 74 68 65 20 | 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 |....the |interpre|
|00002c30| 74 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 | 74 6f 20 73 65 61 72 63 |ter has |to searc|
|00002c40| 68 20 74 68 72 6f 75 67 | 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 |h throug|h the pr|
|00002c50| 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 66 6f | 72 20 74 68 65 20 61 70 |ogram fo|r the ap|
|00002c60| 70 72 6f 70 72 69 61 74 | 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 65 |propriat|e line e|
|00002c70| 61 63 68 20 74 69 6d 65 | 20 47 4f 54 4f 20 69 73 |ach time| GOTO is|
|00002c80| 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 | 64 2e 20 49 66 20 6f 75 | execute|d. If ou|
|00002c90| 72 20 74 65 73 74 20 6c | 6f 6f 70 20 77 61 73 20 |r test l|oop was |
|00002ca0| 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 | 6e 64 20 6f 66 20 61 20 |at the e|nd of a |
|00002cb0| 6c 6f 6e 67 20 70 72 6f | 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 74 68 |long pro|gram, th|
|00002cc0| 65 20 47 4f 54 4f 20 6c | 6f 6f 70 20 77 6f 75 6c |e GOTO l|oop woul|
|00002cd0| 64 20 68 61 76 65 20 62 | 65 65 6e 20 6d 75 63 68 |d have b|een much|
|00002ce0| 20 73 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 | slower |than the|
|00002cf0| 20 6f 74 68 65 72 73 2e | 20 46 6f 72 20 65 00 00 | others.| For e..|
|00002d00| 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 20 42 | 61 73 69 63 20 69 6e 20 |ing in B|asic in |
|00002d10| 6f 72 64 65 72 20 74 6f | 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 |order to| produce|
|00002d20| 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 66 | 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 | more ef|ficient |
|00002d30| 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 | 2e 20 54 6f 20 74 68 69 |programs|. To thi|
|00002d40| 73 20 65 6e 64 20 77 65 | 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 69 |s end we| have ti|
|00002d50| 6d 65 64 20 61 20 6e 75 | 6d 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 |med a nu|mber of |
|00002d60| 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 | 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 65 |commonly| used fe|
|00002d70| 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 65 20 6c 61 |atures o|f the la|
|00002d80| 6e 67 75 61 67 65 2e 20 | 57 65 20 6d 75 73 74 20 |nguage. |We must |
|00002d90| 73 74 72 65 73 73 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 77 65 20 61 |stress t|hat we a|
|00002da0| 72 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 | 63 6f 6e 63 65 72 6e 65 |re only |concerne|
|00002db0| 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 42 | 61 73 69 63 20 70 72 6f |d with B|asic pro|
|00002dc0| 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 | 20 74 65 63 68 6e 69 71 |gramming| techniq|
|00002dd0| 75 65 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 | 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 |ues. For| example|
|00002de0| 2c 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 | 61 20 6c 61 72 67 65 20 |, given |a large |
|00002df0| 6c 69 73 74 20 6f 66 20 | 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 74 6f |list of |names to|
|00002e00| 20 73 6f 72 74 20 69 6e | 74 6f 20 6f 72 64 65 72 | sort in|to order|
|00002e10| 2c 20 77 65 20 61 72 65 | 20 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 |, we are| interes|
|00002e20| 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 | 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 |ted only| in the |
|00002e30| 62 65 73 74 20 63 68 6f | 69 63 65 20 6f 66 20 42 |best cho|ice of B|
|00002e40| 61 73 69 63 20 69 6e 73 | 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e |asic ins|truction|
|00002e50| 73 20 66 6f 72 20 74 68 | 65 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d |s for th|e implem|
|00002e60| 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f 6e | 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6e 6f |entation|, and no|
|00002e70| 74 20 69 6e 20 63 68 6f | 6f 73 69 6e 67 20 77 68 |t in cho|osing wh|
|00002e80| 69 63 68 20 73 6f 72 74 | 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 74 |ich sort| algorit|
|00002e90| 68 6d 20 74 6f 20 75 73 | 65 2e 0d 0d 09 54 68 65 |hm to us|e....The|
|00002ea0| 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 73 | 74 65 70 20 77 68 65 6e | first s|tep when|
|00002eb0| 20 74 72 79 69 6e 67 20 | 74 6f 20 73 70 65 65 64 | trying |to speed|
|00002ec0| 20 75 70 20 61 20 70 72 | 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 | up a pr|ogram is|
|00002ed0| 20 74 6f 20 69 64 65 6e | 74 69 66 79 20 74 68 65 | to iden|tify the|
|00002ee0| 20 74 69 6d 65 2d 63 72 | 69 74 69 63 61 6c 20 61 | time-cr|itical a|
|00002ef0| 72 65 61 73 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 |reas of |the prog|
|00002f00| 72 61 6d 2e 20 54 68 65 | 73 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 |ram. The|se are t|
|00002f10| 68 65 20 61 72 65 61 73 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 69 |he areas| that wi|
|00002f20| 6c 6c 20 62 65 6e 65 66 | 69 74 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 |ll benef|it most |
|00002f30| 66 72 6f 6d 20 61 20 66 | 65 77 20 73 70 65 65 64 |from a f|ew speed|
|00002f40| 20 27 74 77 65 61 6b 73 | 27 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 | 'tweaks|'. There|
|00002f50| 20 69 73 20 69 6e 20 66 | 61 63 74 20 61 20 72 75 | is in f|act a ru|
|00002f60| 6c 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | 75 6d 62 20 63 61 6c 6c |le of th|umb call|
|00002f70| 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 38 | 30 2d 32 30 20 72 75 6c |ed the 8|0-20 rul|
|00002f80| 65 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 | 73 74 61 74 65 73 20 74 |e. This |states t|
|00002f90| 68 61 74 20 69 74 20 69 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 66 |hat it i|s the of|
|00002fa0| 74 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 63 61 73 65 20 74 68 61 |ten the |case tha|
|00002fb0| 74 20 61 70 70 72 6f 78 | 69 6d 61 74 65 6c 79 20 |t approx|imately |
|00002fc0| 38 30 25 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 20 |80% of t|he time |
|00002fd0| 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 74 6f | 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 |taken to| execute|
|00002fe0| 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 | 61 6d 20 69 73 20 73 70 | a progr|am is sp|
|00002ff0| 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 6a | 75 73 74 20 32 30 25 20 |ent on j|ust 20% |
|00003000| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 63 | 6f 64 65 2e 20 43 6c 65 |of the c|ode. Cle|
|00003010| 61 72 6c 79 2c 20 69 66 | 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e |arly, if| you can|
|00003020| 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 66 | 79 20 61 6e 64 20 73 70 | identif|y and sp|
|00003030| 65 65 64 20 75 70 20 74 | 68 69 73 20 32 30 25 2c |eed up t|his 20%,|
|00003040| 20 79 6f 75 20 67 61 69 | 6e 20 6d 75 63 68 20 6d | you gai|n much m|
|00003050| 6f 72 65 20 74 68 61 6e | 20 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 |ore than| if you |
|00003060| 73 70 65 65 64 20 75 70 | 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 |speed up| the oth|
|00003070| 65 72 20 38 30 25 2e 20 | 41 73 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 |er 80%. |As long |
|00003080| 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 75 | 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 6e |as you u|nderstan|
|00003090| 64 20 74 68 65 20 77 6f | 72 6b 69 6e 67 73 20 6f |d the wo|rkings o|
|000030a0| 66 20 61 20 70 61 72 74 | 69 63 75 6c 61 72 20 70 |f a part|icular p|
|000030b0| 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 | 69 74 20 73 68 6f 75 6c |rogram, |it shoul|
|000030c0| 64 20 62 65 20 70 6f 73 | 73 69 62 6c 65 20 74 6f |d be pos|sible to|
|000030d0| 20 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 | 65 20 74 69 6d 65 2d 63 | find th|e time-c|
|000030e0| 72 69 74 69 63 61 6c 20 | 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 2e |ritical |section.|
|000030f0| 20 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 | 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 74 68 | For exa|mple, th|
|00003100| 69 73 20 6d 61 79 20 62 | 65 20 61 20 6c 6f 6f 70 |is may b|e a loop|
|00003110| 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 73 | 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 | that is| execute|
|00003120| 64 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 74 | 69 6d 65 73 2c 20 77 68 |d many t|imes, wh|
|00003130| 69 6c 65 20 74 68 65 20 | 72 65 73 74 20 6f 66 20 |ile the |rest of |
|00003140| 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 | 72 61 6d 20 6f 6e 6c 79 |the prog|ram only|
|00003150| 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 | 73 20 6f 6e 63 65 2e 0d | execute|s once..|
|00003160| 0d 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d | 20 4c 41 59 4f 55 54 0d |.PROGRAM| LAYOUT.|
|00003170| 09 54 68 65 20 66 69 72 | 73 74 20 61 70 70 72 6f |.The fir|st appro|
|00003180| 61 63 68 20 74 6f 20 73 | 70 65 65 64 69 6e 67 20 |ach to s|peeding |
|00003190| 75 70 20 61 6e 79 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 |up any p|rogram i|
|000031a0| 73 20 74 6f 20 65 6e 73 | 75 72 65 20 74 68 61 74 |s to ens|ure that|
|000031b0| 20 61 6c 6c 20 75 6e 6e | 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 | all unn|ecessary|
|000031c0| 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 6e 74 | 73 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 | element|s are re|
|000031d0| 6d 6f 76 65 64 2e 20 52 | 45 4d 20 73 74 61 74 65 |moved. R|EM state|
|000031e0| 6d 65 6e 74 73 2c 20 73 | 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 63 6f |ments, s|ingle co|
|000031f0| 6c 6f 6e 20 6c 69 6e 65 | 73 20 61 6e 64 20 62 6c |lon line|s and bl|
|00003200| 61 6e 6b 20 6c 69 6e 65 | 73 20 6d 69 67 68 74 20 |ank line|s might |
|00003210| 6e 6f 74 20 61 63 74 75 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 70 65 72 |not actu|ally per|
|00003220| 66 6f 72 6d 20 61 6e 79 | 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f |form any| functio|
|00003230| 6e 2c 20 62 75 74 20 69 | 74 20 64 6f 65 73 20 74 |n, but i|t does t|
|00003240| 61 6b 65 20 42 61 73 69 | 63 20 61 20 66 69 6e 69 |ake Basi|c a fini|
|00003250| 74 65 20 74 69 6d 65 20 | 74 6f 20 69 6e 74 65 72 |te time |to inter|
|00003260| 70 72 65 74 20 74 68 65 | 6d 2c 20 65 76 65 6e 20 |pret the|m, even |
|00003270| 6f 6e 20 61 6e 20 41 72 | 63 68 69 6d 65 64 65 73 |on an Ar|chimedes|
|00003280| 2e 20 54 68 65 72 65 66 | 6f 72 65 2c 20 69 66 20 |. Theref|ore, if |
|00003290| 79 6f 75 20 72 65 6d 6f | 76 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 73 |you remo|ve all s|
|000032a0| 75 63 68 20 6c 69 6e 65 | 73 2c 20 74 68 65 20 70 |uch line|s, the p|
|000032b0| 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 77 | 69 6c 6c 20 72 75 6e 20 |rogram w|ill run |
|000032c0| 73 6c 69 67 68 74 6c 79 | 20 66 61 73 74 65 72 2c |slightly| faster,|
|000032d0| 20 61 6c 62 65 69 74 20 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 | albeit |at the e|
|000032e0| 78 70 65 6e 73 65 20 6f | 66 20 63 6c 61 72 69 74 |xpense o|f clarit|
|000032f0| 79 2e 20 53 69 6d 69 6c | 61 72 6c 79 2c 20 74 68 |y. Simil|arly, th|
|00003300| 65 20 42 61 73 69 63 20 | 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 65 |e Basic |interpre|
|00003310| 74 65 72 20 74 61 6b 65 | 73 20 6c 6f 6e 67 65 72 |ter take|s longer|
|00003320| 20 74 6f 20 66 69 6e 64 | 20 74 68 65 20 6e 65 78 | to find| the nex|
|00003330| 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 2c 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 69 74 20 |t line, |than it |
|00003340| 64 6f 65 73 20 74 6f 20 | 66 69 6e 64 20 74 68 65 |does to |find the|
|00003350| 20 6e 65 78 74 20 73 74 | 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 | next st|atement |
|00003360| 61 66 74 65 72 20 61 20 | 63 6f 6c 6f 6e 2e 20 54 |after a |colon. T|
|00003370| 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 | 2c 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 |herefore|, using |
|00003380| 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 73 74 | 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 |multi-st|atement |
|00003390| 6c 69 6e 65 73 20 77 68 | 65 72 65 76 65 72 20 70 |lines wh|erever p|
|000033a0| 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 | 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 73 |ossible |will als|
|000033b0| 6f 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 | 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 |o increa|se the s|
|000033c0| 70 65 65 64 2e 0d 0d 4c | 4f 4f 50 53 0d 09 41 6e |peed...L|OOPS..An|
|000033d0| 79 20 63 6f 64 65 20 63 | 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 65 64 |y code c|ontained|
|000033e0| 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 | 61 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 | within |a progra|
|000033f0| 6d 20 69 73 20 6c 69 6b | 65 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 62 |m is lik|ely to b|
|00003400| 65 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 | 65 64 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 |e execut|ed many |
|00003410| 74 69 6d 65 73 2e 20 54 | 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 65 |times. T|herefore|
|00003420| 2c 20 69 66 20 74 68 65 | 20 73 70 65 65 64 20 6f |, if the| speed o|
|00003430| 66 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 | 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 |f the op|erations|
|00003440| 20 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 | 61 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 63 | within |a loop c|
|00003450| 61 6e 20 62 65 20 69 6e | 63 72 65 61 73 65 64 2c |an be in|creased,|
|00003460| 20 74 68 65 20 6f 76 65 | 72 61 6c 6c 20 73 70 65 | the ove|rall spe|
|00003470| 65 64 20 69 6d 70 72 6f | 76 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 |ed impro|vement w|
|00003480| 69 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 6d | 61 6e 79 20 74 69 6d 65 |ill be m|any time|
|00003490| 73 20 67 72 65 61 74 65 | 72 2e 20 4f 6e 65 20 6f |s greate|r. One o|
|000034a0| 62 76 69 6f 75 73 20 6d | 6f 76 65 20 69 73 20 74 |bvious m|ove is t|
|000034b0| 6f 20 65 6e 73 75 72 65 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 68 |o ensure| that th|
|000034c0| 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 63 | 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 73 20 |e loop c|ontains |
|000034d0| 6e 6f 20 75 6e 6e 65 63 | 65 73 73 61 72 79 20 6f |no unnec|essary o|
|000034e0| 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e | 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 65 |peration|s. For e|
|000034f0| 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 2c 20 | 69 66 20 74 68 65 72 65 |xample, |if there|
|00003500| 20 69 73 20 61 6e 20 65 | 78 70 72 65 73 73 69 6f | is an e|xpressio|
|00003510| 6e 20 77 68 6f 73 65 20 | 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 |n whose |argument|
|00003520| 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 62 | 65 20 75 6e 63 68 61 6e |s will b|e unchan|
|00003530| 67 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 65 | 61 63 68 20 69 74 65 72 |ged on e|ach iter|
|00003540| 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f |ation of| the loo|
|00003550| 70 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 | 74 68 69 73 20 6e 65 65 |p, then |this nee|
|00003560| 64 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 62 | 65 20 65 76 61 6c 75 61 |d only b|e evalua|
|00003570| 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 63 65 | 20 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 |ted once| before |
|00003580| 74 68 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 | 20 73 74 61 72 74 73 2c |the loop| starts,|
|00003590| 20 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 6f 6e 20 | rather |than on |
|000035a0| 65 61 63 68 20 69 74 65 | 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 |each ite|ration. |
|000035b0| 54 61 62 6c 65 20 31 20 | 73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 68 |Table 1 |shows th|
|000035c0| 65 20 74 69 6d 65 73 20 | 74 61 6b 65 6e 20 74 6f |e times |taken to|
|000035d0| 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 | 20 61 6e 20 65 6d 70 74 | execute| an empt|
|000035e0| 79 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 31 | 30 30 30 30 30 20 74 69 |y loop 1|00000 ti|
|000035f0| 6d 65 73 20 75 73 69 6e | 67 20 66 6f 75 72 20 64 |mes usin|g four d|
|00003600| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003610| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003620| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003630| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 01 00 00 |. ..... |........|
|00003640| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 |........|........|
|00003650| 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 20 00 1f 00 00 |........|... ....|
|00003660| 00 20 00 9a 00 00 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003670| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003680| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003690| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|000036a0| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|000036b0| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|000036c0| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|000036d0| ff ff 00 06 00 03 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000036e0| 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 01 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000036f0| 00 20 00 1f 00 00 00 20 | 00 98 00 00 00 20 00 3d |. ..... |..... .=|
|00003700| 53 50 45 45 44 49 4e 47 | 20 55 50 20 42 41 53 49 |SPEEDING| UP BASI|
|00003710| 43 43 01 7e 05 46 05 44 | 05 42 05 40 01 94 01 9c |CC.~.F.D|.B.@....|
|00003720| 01 a0 05 36 59 8f 3f 3c | 00 03 dd f4 48 78 ff ff |...6Y.?<|....Hx..|
|00003730| a9 7c 20 5f 2b 48 e6 2e | 2f 2d e6 2e 48 6d 06 72 |.| _+H..|/-..Hm.r|
|00003740| a9 18 70 01 3b 40 d9 a8 | 3b 40 d9 aa 42 2d d9 b0 |..p.;@..|;@..B-..|
|00003750| 3f 3c 00 01 4e ad 01 6a | 54 8f 3f 00 4e ad 01 ba |?<..N..j|T.?.N...|
|00003760| 54 8f 2b 40 d9 ac 20 6d | d9 ac 4a 28 00 30 6f 0e |T.+@.. m|..J(.0o.|
|00003770| 20 6d d9 ac 10 28 00 30 | 48 80 48 c0 60 02 70 00 | m...(.0|H.H.`.p.|
|00003780| 3b 40 d9 a6 4a 6d d9 a6 | 67 00 00 f4 3f 3c 00 01 |;@..Jm..|g...?<..|
|00003790| 3f 3c 00 04 2f 2d e6 2e | 4e ad 07 e2 50 8f 30 2d |?<../-..|N...P.0-|
|000037a0| d9 a6 58 40 3f 00 3f 3c | 00 09 3f 3c 00 05 2f 2d |..X@?.?<|..?<../-|
|000037b0| e6 2e 4e ad 07 9a 4f ef | 00 0a 2f 2d e6 2e 3f 3c |..N...O.|../-..?<|
|000037c0| 00 03 48 6e ff f8 48 6e | ff ea 48 6e ff e2 a9 8d |..Hn..Hn|..Hn....|
|000037d0| 3b 6d d9 a6 d9 a8 20 6d | d9 ac 3b 68 00 2e d9 aa |;m.... m|..;h....|
|000037e0| 4a 6d d9 aa 66 06 70 01 | 3b 40 d9 aa 20 6d d9 ac |Jm..f.p.|;@.. m..|
|000037f0| 30 68 00 2e 20 08 72 10 | e3 a8 2f 00 42 67 3f 3c |0h.. .r.|../.Bg?<|
|00003800| 74 69 6d 65 20 47 4f 54 | 4f 20 69 73 20 65 78 65 |time GOT|O is exe|
|00003810| 63 75 74 65 64 2e 20 49 | 66 20 6f 75 72 20 74 65 |cuted. I|f our te|
|00003820| 73 74 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 | 77 61 73 20 61 74 20 74 |st loop |was at t|
|00003830| 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f | 66 20 61 20 6c 6f 6e 67 |he end o|f a long|
|00003840| 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 47 4f | program|, the GO|
|00003850| 54 4f 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 | 77 6f 75 6c 64 20 68 61 |TO loop |would ha|
|00003860| 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e 20 | 6d 75 63 68 20 73 6c 6f |ve been |much slo|
|00003870| 77 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 6f 74 68 |wer than| the oth|
|00003880| 65 72 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 | 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 |ers. For| example|
|00003890| 2c 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 | 6d 65 20 47 4f 54 4f 20 |, the sa|me GOTO |
|000038a0| 6c 6f 6f 70 20 74 6f 6f | 6b 20 31 34 2e 35 34 20 |loop too|k 14.54 |
|000038b0| 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 73 20 | 77 68 65 6e 20 70 6c 61 |seconds |when pla|
|000038c0| 63 65 64 20 61 74 20 74 | 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 6f |ced at t|he end o|
|000038d0| 66 20 61 20 31 30 30 30 | 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 70 72 |f a 1000| line pr|
|000038e0| 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 20 41 | 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 6f |ogram. A|ll the o|
|000038f0| 74 68 65 72 20 74 69 6d | 65 73 20 72 65 6d 61 69 |ther tim|es remai|
|00003900| 52 49 53 43 20 55 73 65 | 72 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 |RISC Use|r Octobe|
|00003910| 72 20 31 39 38 38 02 20 | 20 11 00 08 00 00 00 00 |r 1988. | .......|
|00003920| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 05 c2 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003930| 20 0e 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | .......|........|
|00003940| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 20 00 00 08 00 00 00 00 |........| .......|
|00003950| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003960| 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | .......|........|
|00003970| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 22 22 00 08 00 00 00 00 |........|""......|
|00003980| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003990| 22 22 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |""......|........|
|000039a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 22 22 00 0a aa aa aa aa |........|""......|
|000039b0| aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa | aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa |........|........|
|000039c0| a2 22 00 08 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |."......|........|
|000039d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 7f ff 00 08 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000039e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|000039f0| 00 00 00 08 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003a00| 6e 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61 | 6e 74 20 77 68 65 72 65 |n consta|nt where|
|00003a10| 76 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 | 6c 6f 6f 70 20 69 73 20 |ver the |loop is |
|00003a20| 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2e 0d |in the p|rogram..|
|00003a30| 0d 50 52 4f 43 45 44 55 | 52 45 53 20 41 4e 44 20 |.PROCEDU|RES AND |
|00003a40| 53 55 42 52 4f 55 54 49 | 4e 45 53 0d 09 54 68 65 |SUBROUTI|NES..The|
|00003a50| 72 65 20 61 72 65 20 74 | 68 72 65 65 20 77 61 79 |re are t|hree way|
|00003a60| 73 20 6f 66 20 63 61 6c | 6c 69 6e 67 20 73 75 62 |s of cal|ling sub|
|00003a70| 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 73 | 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 20 |routines|. These |
|00003a80| 61 72 65 20 47 4f 53 55 | 42 2c 20 50 52 4f 43 20 |are GOSU|B, PROC |
|00003a90| 61 6e 64 20 46 4e 2e 20 | 54 61 62 6c 65 20 32 20 |and FN. |Table 2 |
|00003aa0| 73 68 6f 77 73 20 74 69 | 6d 69 6e 67 73 20 66 6f |shows ti|mings fo|
|00003ab0| 72 20 31 30 30 30 30 20 | 64 75 6d 6d 79 20 63 61 |r 10000 |dummy ca|
|00003ac0| 6c 6c 73 20 75 73 69 6e | 67 20 65 61 63 68 20 74 |lls usin|g each t|
|00003ad0| 65 63 68 6e 69 71 75 65 | 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 50 52 |echnique|. For PR|
|00003ae0| 4f 43 20 61 6e 64 20 46 | 4e 2c 20 74 68 65 20 74 |OC and F|N, the t|
|00003af0| 69 6d 69 6e 67 73 20 61 | 72 65 20 67 69 76 65 6e |imings a|re given|
|00003b00| 52 55 00 00 00 08 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |RU......|........|
|00003b10| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 |........|........|
|00003b20| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003b30| 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003b40| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 |........|........|
|00003b50| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003b60| 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003b70| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 |........|........|
|00003b80| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003b90| 00 00 55 55 00 08 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..UU....|........|
|00003ba0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 |........|........|
|00003bb0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003bc0| 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003bd0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 |........|........|
|00003be0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003bf0| 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003c00| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003c10| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003c20| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003c30| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003c40| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003c50| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003c60| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 01 00 00 00 00 |..... ..|........|
|00003c70| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 ff ff 00 01 |........|........|
|00003c80| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 20 00 1f 00 00 00 20 |........|. ..... |
|00003c90| 00 98 00 00 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003ca0| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003cb0| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003cc0| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003cd0| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003ce0| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003cf0| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff 00 3e |..... ..|... ...>|
|00003d00| ff ff 00 01 00 03 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003d10| 00 00 00 00 ff ff 00 01 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00003d20| 00 20 00 1f 00 00 00 20 | 00 98 00 00 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003d30| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003d40| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003d50| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003d60| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003d70| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003d80| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003d90| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 04 00 03 00 00 00 00 |... ....|........|
|00003da0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 01 00 01 00 00 |........|........|
|00003db0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 | 00 21 00 00 00 20 00 96 |....... |.!... ..|
|00003dc0| 00 00 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00003dd0| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00003de0| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00003df0| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 42 |... ....|. .....B|
|00003e00| 76 65 2c 20 62 65 63 61 | 75 73 65 20 61 73 20 73 |ve, beca|use as s|
|00003e10| 61 69 64 20 65 61 72 6c | 69 65 72 2c 20 74 68 69 |aid earl|ier, thi|
|00003e20| 73 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 69 | 6e 63 72 65 61 73 65 20 |s will i|ncrease |
|00003e30| 61 73 20 70 72 6f 67 72 | 61 6d 20 6c 65 6e 67 74 |as progr|am lengt|
|00003e40| 68 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 | 73 65 73 2e 0d 0d 53 57 |h increa|ses...SW|
|00003e50| 49 54 43 48 45 53 0d 09 | 41 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 |ITCHES..|A switch|
|00003e60| 20 69 73 20 61 20 70 72 | 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 73 74 | is a pr|ogram st|
|00003e70| 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 20 | 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 |ructure |in which|
|00003e80| 20 6f 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 | 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 | one of |several |
|00003e90| 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 | 69 73 20 65 78 65 63 75 |options |is execu|
|00003ea0| 74 65 64 20 61 63 63 6f | 72 64 69 6e 67 20 74 6f |ted acco|rding to|
|00003eb0| 20 61 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 | 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 54 68 | a condi|tion. Th|
|00003ec0| 65 20 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 | 73 74 20 73 77 69 74 63 |e simple|st switc|
|00003ed0| 68 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 | 4f 4e 2d 47 4f 54 4f 2c |hes are |ON-GOTO,|
|00003ee0| 20 61 6e 64 20 4f 4e 2d | 47 4f 53 55 42 2e 20 42 | and ON-|GOSUB. B|
|00003ef0| 6f 74 68 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 73 65 20 73 68 6f |oth of t|hese sho|
|00003f00| 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 61 | 76 6f 69 64 65 64 20 66 |uld be a|voided f|
|00003f10| 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 72 | 65 61 73 6f 6e 73 20 67 |or the r|easons g|
|00003f20| 69 76 65 6e 20 65 61 72 | 6c 69 65 72 2e 20 41 20 |iven ear|lier. A |
|00003f30| 6d 6f 72 65 20 65 6c 65 | 67 61 6e 74 20 73 6f 6c |more ele|gant sol|
|00003f40| 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 | 20 4f 4e 2d 50 52 4f 43 |ution is| ON-PROC|
|00003f50| 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 | 73 20 6d 75 63 68 20 66 | which i|s much f|
|00003f60| 61 73 74 65 72 20 74 68 | 61 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 |aster th|an the p|
|00003f70| 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20 | 74 77 6f 2e 20 48 6f 77 |revious |two. How|
|00003f80| 65 76 65 72 2c 20 69 66 | 20 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 |ever, if| you use|
|00003f90| 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 65 | 74 68 6f 64 20 6f 62 73 | this me|thod obs|
|00003fa0| 65 72 76 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 77 61 72 6e 69 6e 67 |erve the| warning|
|00003fb0| 20 67 69 76 65 6e 20 61 | 62 6f 76 65 20 72 65 67 | given a|bove reg|
|00003fc0| 61 72 64 69 6e 67 20 70 | 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 |arding p|arameter|
|00003fd0| 73 2e 20 54 68 65 20 43 | 41 53 45 20 73 74 61 74 |s. The C|ASE stat|
|00003fe0| 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 | 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 |ement is| provide|
|00003ff0| 64 20 73 70 65 63 69 66 | 69 63 61 6c 6c 79 20 66 |d specif|ically f|
|00004000| 6f 72 20 70 65 72 66 6f | 72 6d 69 6e 67 20 73 77 |or perfo|rming sw|
|00004010| 69 74 63 68 65 73 2c 20 | 77 68 69 6c 65 20 61 6e |itches, |while an|
|00004020| 6f 74 68 65 72 20 61 6c | 74 65 72 6e 61 74 69 76 |other al|ternativ|
|00004030| 65 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 | 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 20 |e is to |use the |
|00004040| 6d 75 6c 74 69 2d 6c 69 | 6e 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 |multi-li|ne form |
|00004050| 6f 66 20 49 46 2d 54 48 | 45 4e 2d 45 4c 53 45 20 |of IF-TH|EN-ELSE |
|00004060| 74 6f 20 6e 65 73 74 20 | 61 20 73 65 74 20 6f 66 |to nest |a set of|
|00004070| 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 72 69 | 73 6f 6e 73 20 61 6e 64 | compari|sons and|
|00004080| 20 61 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 2e 20 55 73 69 6e 67 20 | actions|. Using |
|00004090| 74 68 65 20 66 6f 75 72 | 20 6d 65 74 68 6f 64 73 |the four| methods|
|000040a0| 20 74 6f 20 69 6d 70 6c | 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 20 | to impl|ement a |
|000040b0| 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 20 73 | 77 69 74 63 68 20 74 68 |simple s|witch th|
|000040c0| 61 74 20 74 61 6b 65 73 | 20 61 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 |at takes| a numbe|
|000040d0| 72 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 30 | 20 74 6f 20 39 20 61 6e |r from 0| to 9 an|
|000040e0| 64 20 70 72 69 6e 74 73 | 20 6f 75 74 20 22 5a 45 |d prints| out "ZE|
|000040f0| 52 4f 22 20 74 6f 20 22 | 4e 49 4e 45 22 2c 20 67 |RO" to "|NINE", g|
|00004100| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00004110| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00004120| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00004130| 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00004140| 00 00 00 01 00 01 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 |........|....... |
|00004150| 00 21 00 00 00 20 00 96 | 00 00 00 20 ff ff ff ff |.!... ..|... ....|
|00004160| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|00004170| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|00004180| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|00004190| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 | ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff |. ..... |..... ..|
|000041a0| ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff | 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 20 |... ....|. ..... |
|000041b0| ff ff ff ff 00 20 ff ff | ff ff 00 20 ff ff ff ff |..... ..|... ....|
|000041c0| 00 20 ff ff ff ff 00 00 | 00 00 00 01 ff 20 00 04 |. ......|..... ..|
|000041d0| 00 00 00 00 00 01 03 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 1e 00 23 |........|.......#|
|000041e0| 03 30 02 35 43 87 ee b8 | cb 2f 80 00 00 00 00 00 |.0.5C...|./......|
|000041f0| 00 00 00 00 00 04 9c c6 | 00 05 20 66 00 01 00 6e |........|.. f...n|
|00004200| 2e 31 36 20 73 2c 20 77 | 68 69 6c 65 20 74 68 65 |.16 s, w|hile the|
|00004210| 20 6f 74 68 65 72 73 20 | 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 20 75 | others |remain u|
|00004220| 6e 63 68 61 6e 67 65 64 | 2e 0d 0d 56 41 52 49 41 |nchanged|...VARIA|
|00004230| 42 4c 45 53 20 41 4e 44 | 20 45 58 50 52 45 53 53 |BLES AND| EXPRESS|
|00004240| 49 4f 4e 53 0d 09 4f 6e | 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |IONS..On|e of the|
|00004250| 20 62 65 73 74 20 77 61 | 79 73 20 74 6f 20 73 70 | best wa|ys to sp|
|00004260| 65 65 64 20 75 70 20 61 | 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d |eed up a| program|
|00004270| 20 74 68 61 74 20 70 65 | 72 66 6f 72 6d 73 20 6c | that pe|rforms l|
|00004280| 6f 74 73 20 6f 66 20 61 | 72 69 74 68 6d 65 74 69 |ots of a|rithmeti|
|00004290| 63 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 | 75 73 65 20 69 6e 74 65 |c is to |use inte|
|000042a0| 67 65 72 20 76 61 72 69 | 61 62 6c 65 73 20 77 68 |ger vari|ables wh|
|000042b0| 65 72 65 76 65 72 20 70 | 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 2e |erever p|ossible.|
|000042c0| 20 49 6e 20 70 61 72 74 | 69 63 75 6c 61 72 2c 20 | In part|icular, |
|000042d0| 74 68 65 20 72 65 73 69 | 64 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 74 |the resi|dent int|
|000042e0| 65 67 65 72 20 76 61 72 | 69 61 62 6c 65 73 2c 20 |eger var|iables, |
|000042f0| 41 25 2d 5a 25 2c 20 61 | 72 65 20 76 65 72 79 20 |A%-Z%, a|re very |
|00004300| 66 61 73 74 2e 20 41 73 | 20 61 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 |fast. As| a compa|
|00004310| 72 69 73 6f 6e 2c 20 69 | 6e 63 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 |rison, i|ncrement|
|00004320| 69 6e 67 20 41 25 20 66 | 72 6f 6d 20 7a 65 72 6f |ing A% f|rom zero|
|00004330| 20 31 30 30 30 30 30 20 | 74 69 6d 65 73 20 74 61 | 100000 |times ta|
|00004340| 6b 65 73 20 38 2e 32 30 | 20 73 2c 20 77 68 69 6c |kes 8.20| s, whil|
|00004350| 65 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 | 61 25 20 61 73 20 74 68 |e using |a% as th|
|00004360| 65 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 | 6c 65 20 74 61 6b 65 73 |e variab|le takes|
|00004370| 20 38 2e 34 32 20 73 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 69 | 8.42 s,| and usi|
|00004380| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 72 | 65 61 6c 20 76 61 72 69 |ng the r|eal vari|
|00004390| 61 62 6c 65 20 41 20 74 | 61 6b 65 73 20 31 30 2e |able A t|akes 10.|
|000043a0| 32 34 20 73 2e 20 4f 62 | 76 69 6f 75 73 6c 79 2c |24 s. Ob|viously,|
|000043b0| 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 61 | 6c 6c 20 63 61 6c 63 75 | where a|ll calcu|
|000043c0| 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 | 69 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 20 |lations |involve |
|000043d0| 6f 6e 6c 79 20 69 6e 74 | 65 67 65 72 73 2c 20 69 |only int|egers, i|
|000043e0| 74 20 69 73 20 73 75 66 | 66 69 63 69 65 6e 74 20 |t is suf|ficient |
|000043f0| 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 74 | 6f 20 65 6e 73 75 72 65 |simply t|o ensure|
|00004400| 44 61 76 69 64 20 53 70 | 65 6e 63 65 72 20 61 6e |David Sp|encer an|
|00004410| 64 20 4d 69 6b 65 20 57 | 69 6c 6c 69 61 6d 73 20 |d Mike W|illiams |
|00004420| 6f 66 66 65 72 20 73 6f | 6d 65 20 61 64 76 69 63 |offer so|me advic|
|00004430| 65 20 6f 6e 20 73 70 65 | 65 64 69 6e 67 20 75 70 |e on spe|eding up|
|00004440| 20 79 6f 75 72 20 41 72 | 63 68 69 6d 65 64 65 73 | your Ar|chimedes|
|00004450| 20 42 61 73 69 63 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 2e | Basic p|rograms.|
|00004460| 4a 6d d9 a6 67 08 0c 6e | 00 03 ff f4 67 04 70 00 |Jm..g..n|....g.p.|
|00004470| 60 02 70 01 42 a7 3f 00 | 2f 0c 4e ad 07 12 4f ef |`.p.B.?.|/.N...O.|
|00004480| 00 0a 3d 40 ff fa 30 2e | ff fa 4e ad 00 03 db fc |..=@..0.|..N.....|
|00004490| 00 02 02 2c 00 04 02 18 | 2f 0c 3f 3c 00 03 48 6e |...,....|/.?<..Hn|
|000044a0| ff f8 48 6e ff ea 48 6e | ff e2 a9 8d 2f 2e ff ea |..Hn..Hn|..../...|
|000044b0| 00 03 db d8 a9 90 4a 6d | d9 a6 67 00 00 c4 4e ad |......Jm|..g...N.|
|000044c0| 07 a2 00 03 db c6 3f 3c | 00 02 42 67 3f 3c 00 07 |......?<|..Bg?<..|
|000044d0| 3f 3c 27 0f 00 03 db b4 | 4e ad 07 ba 4f ef 00 0c |?<'.....|N...O...|
|000044e0| 3d 6d f3 e6 ff f6 00 03 | db a2 00 0f 48 6e ff f8 |=m......|....Hn..|
|000044f0| 48 6e ff ea 48 6e ff e2 | a9 8d 2f 2e ff ea 48 6d |Hn..Hn..|../...Hm|
|00004500| 33 35 0b 43 20 55 73 65 | 72 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 |35.C Use|r Octobe|
|00004510| 72 20 31 39 38 38 b3 80 | 00 00 00 20 88 00 00 00 |r 1988..|... ....|
|00004520| 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 2f 2a 00 01 80 00 |0.......|../*....|
|00004530| 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 1c | 49 04 25 2e 04 90 10 94 |........|I.%.....|
|00004540| 81 80 42 01 95 20 49 01 | 24 03 13 80 00 01 00 00 |..B.. I.|$.......|
|00004550| 88 00 00 00 08 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00004560| 00 02 00 00 00 00 10 00 | 00 02 00 14 29 04 25 ca |........|....).%.|
|00004570| 07 10 10 e4 83 de 42 01 | 95 20 71 01 c4 07 93 80 |......B.|. q.....|
|00004580| 00 00 00 20 88 00 00 00 | 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |... ....|........|
|00004590| 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 | 00 00 10 00 00 00 11 04 |........|........|
|000045a0| 29 24 a5 8a 45 10 10 c4 | 81 80 42 03 d5 24 61 01 |)$..E...|..B..$a.|
|000045b0| 44 03 11 80 00 01 00 00 | 88 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 |D.......|........|
|000045c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 18 00 00 00 00 f0 00 |........|........|
|000045d0| 00 02 00 1d ef 07 bb fe | 0f bc 91 f7 91 80 e2 17 |........|........|
|000045e0| fd e0 fb 8b ef 23 3d 80 | 00 00 00 20 88 00 00 00 |.....#=.|... ....|
|000045f0| 00 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 |........|..... ..|
|00004600| 72 65 74 75 72 6e 65 64 | 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 |returned|, and th|
|00004610| 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f 66 | 20 61 20 52 45 54 55 52 |e use of| a RETUR|
|00004620| 4e 20 70 61 72 61 6d 65 | 74 65 72 20 69 73 20 73 |N parame|ter is s|
|00004630| 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 74 68 | 61 6e 20 61 20 6e 6f 72 |lower th|an a nor|
|00004640| 6d 61 6c 20 70 61 72 61 | 6d 65 74 65 72 20 66 6f |mal para|meter fo|
|00004650| 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 | 6d 65 20 72 65 61 73 6f |r the sa|me reaso|
|00004660| 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 20 61 | 64 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 |n. The a|ddition |
|00004670| 6f 66 20 61 6e 79 20 66 | 6f 72 6d 20 6f 66 20 70 |of any f|orm of p|
|00004680| 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 | 20 73 6c 6f 77 73 20 65 |arameter| slows e|
|00004690| 78 65 63 75 74 69 6f 6e | 20 64 6f 77 6e 2e 20 54 |xecution| down. T|
|000046a0| 68 65 20 47 4f 53 55 42 | 20 74 69 6d 69 6e 67 20 |he GOSUB| timing |
|000046b0| 69 73 20 64 65 63 65 70 | 74 69 69 6d 20 6f 66 20 |is decep|tiim of |
|000046c0| 70 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 | 72 20 73 6c 6f 77 73 20 |paramete|r slows |
|000046d0| 65 78 65 63 75 74 69 6f | 6e 20 64 6f 77 6e 2e 20 |executio|n down. |
|000046e0| 54 68 65 20 47 4f 53 55 | 42 20 74 69 6d 69 6e 67 |The GOSU|B timing|
|000046f0| 20 69 73 20 64 65 63 65 | 70 74 69 63 65 70 74 69 | is dece|pticepti|
|00004700| 52 49 53 43 20 55 73 65 | 72 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 |RISC Use|r Octobe|
|00004710| 72 20 31 39 38 38 e5 49 | 34 2e fe 34 44 42 3f 02 |r 1988.I|4..4DB?.|
|00004720| 42 67 3f 01 3f 00 4e ba | e1 00 50 8f 30 2e ff e4 |Bg?.?.N.|..P.0...|
|00004730| d0 47 e5 48 32 07 e5 49 | 34 2e fe 34 44 42 42 67 |.G.H2..I|4..4DBBg|
|00004740| 3f 02 3f 01 3f 00 4e ba | e0 e0 50 8f 30 2e ff e4 |?.?.?.N.|..P.0...|
|00004750| d0 47 e5 48 32 2e ff 0c | 92 47 e5 49 3f 2e fe 34 |.G.H2...|.G.I?..4|
|00004760| 42 67 3f 01 3f 00 4e ba | e0 c0 50 8f 30 2e ff e4 |Bg?.?.N.|..P.0...|
|00004770| d0 47 e5 48 32 2e ff 0c | 92 47 e5 49 34 2e fe 34 |.G.H2...|.G.I4..4|
|00004780| 44 42 42 67 3f 02 3f 01 | 3f 00 4e ba e0 9c 50 8f |DBBg?.?.|?.N...P.|
|00004790| 4a 6e ff de 67 00 00 86 | 4a 6e ff ea 67 00 00 7e |Jn..g...|Jn..g..~|
|000047a0| 30 07 e5 48 32 2e ff ea | d2 47 e5 49 34 2e fe 34 |0..H2...|.G.I4..4|
|000047b0| 44 42 42 67 3f 02 3f 01 | 3f 00 4e ba e0 6c 50 8f |DBBg?.?.|?.N..lP.|
|000047c0| 30 07 e5 48 32 2e ff ea | d2 47 e5 49 3f 2e fe 34 |0..H2...|.G.I?..4|
|000047d0| 42 67 3f 01 3f 00 4e ba | e0 50 50 8f 30 2e ff 0e |Bg?.?.N.|.PP.0...|
|000047e0| 90 47 e5 48 32 2e ff ea | d2 47 e5 49 42 67 3f 2e |.G.H2...|.G.IBg?.|
|000047f0| fe 34 3f 01 3f 00 4e ba | e0 30 50 8f 30 2e ff 0e |.4?.?.N.|.0P.0...|
|00004800| 61 74 65 64 20 31 30 30 | 30 30 30 20 74 69 6d 65 |ated 100|000 time|
|00004810| 73 20 74 61 6b 65 73 20 | 31 30 2e 30 32 20 73 2c |s takes |10.02 s,|
|00004820| 20 77 68 69 6c 65 20 72 | 65 70 6c 61 63 69 6e 67 | while r|eplacing|
|00004830| 20 74 68 65 20 27 2f 27 | 20 77 69 74 68 20 44 49 | the '/'| with DI|
|00004840| 56 20 72 65 64 75 63 65 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 |V reduce|s the ti|
|00004850| 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 38 2e | 37 39 20 73 2e 20 41 6e |me to 8.|79 s. An|
|00004860| 6f 74 68 65 72 20 73 70 | 65 65 64 20 27 74 77 65 |other sp|eed 'twe|
|00004870| 61 6b 27 20 69 73 20 74 | 6f 20 75 73 65 20 54 52 |ak' is t|o use TR|
|00004880| 55 45 20 61 6e 64 20 46 | 41 4c 53 45 20 69 6e 73 |UE and F|ALSE ins|
|00004890| 74 65 61 64 20 6f 66 20 | 2d 31 20 61 6e 64 20 30 |tead of |-1 and 0|
|000048a0| 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 6f | 66 66 65 72 73 20 61 20 |. This o|ffers a |
|000048b0| 31 30 25 20 73 70 65 65 | 64 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 |10% spee|d increa|
|000048c0| 73 65 2e 0d 0d 09 4d 61 | 6b 65 20 73 75 72 65 20 |se....Ma|ke sure |
|000048d0| 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 | 20 75 73 65 20 42 61 73 |that you| use Bas|
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|00004a90| 12 46 01 86 e0 ba 01 92 | 0b b8 01 8d 9d ba 00 00 |.F......|........|
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|00005000| 52 49 53 43 20 55 73 65 | 72 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 |RISC Use|r Octobe|
|00005010| 72 20 31 39 38 38 00 43 | 01 f4 00 4e 2c f2 00 49 |r 1988.C|...N,..I|
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|00005060| 02 da 00 0e 0b a0 02 43 | 01 0f ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 |.......C|.....`..|
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|00005080| 00 0e 04 80 02 43 01 0f | ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 00 6f |.....C..|...`...o|
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|000050a0| 04 80 02 43 01 0f ff 01 | 01 60 c4 c7 00 7a d8 ea |...C....|.`...z..|
|000050b0| 00 86 03 e8 00 81 95 ea | 00 00 02 fc 00 0d 01 40 |........|.......@|
|000050c0| 02 43 01 0f ff 01 01 60 | c4 c7 00 86 03 e8 00 91 |.C.....`|........|
|000050d0| 2e e6 00 8c c0 e8 00 00 | 03 09 00 01 00 f0 02 43 |........|.......C|
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|000050f0| 00 97 eb e6 00 00 03 17 | 00 0e 0b a0 02 43 01 0f |........|.....C..|
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|00005210| 72 20 31 39 38 38 70 c8 | 00 00 03 b7 00 00 00 00 |r 1988p.|........|
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|00005290| 00 00 03 e4 00 10 00 7b | 02 43 01 0f ff 01 01 60 |.......{|.C.....`|
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|000055d0| 65 72 61 74 6f 72 20 69 | 6e 73 74 65 61 64 2e 20 |erator i|nstead. |
|000055e0| 54 68 65 20 65 78 70 72 | 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 31 |The expr|ession 1|
|000055f0| 2f 31 20 65 76 61 6c 75 | 22 20 11 10 24 cc cc 90 |/1 evalu|" ..$...|
|00005600| 52 49 53 43 20 55 73 65 | 72 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 |RISC Use|r Octobe|
|00005610| 72 20 31 39 38 38 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |r 1988..|........|
|00005620| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00005630| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00005640| 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 02 | 00 05 00 0c 00 10 00 1a |........|........|
|00005650| 00 22 00 23 00 26 00 29 | 00 2e 00 33 00 35 00 38 |.".#.&.)|...3.5.8|
|00005660| 00 39 00 3e 00 42 00 44 | 00 48 00 4c 00 50 00 54 |.9.>.B.D|.H.L.P.T|
|00005670| 00 58 00 5c 00 60 00 64 | 00 65 00 67 00 6d 00 72 |.X.\.`.d|.e.g.m.r|
|00005680| 00 78 00 7d 00 85 00 8c | 00 91 00 97 00 9d 00 a1 |.x.}....|........|
|00005690| 00 a5 00 ac 00 b2 00 b3 | 00 b7 00 bd 00 c1 00 ca |........|........|
|000056a0| 00 d0 00 d7 00 dc 00 e3 | 00 e9 00 ee 00 f3 00 f8 |........|........|
|000056b0| 00 ff 01 0a 01 10 01 15 | 01 1a 01 1c 01 20 01 22 |........|..... ."|
|000056c0| 01 27 01 2f 01 31 01 37 | 01 3d 01 43 01 49 01 4f |.'./.1.7|.=.C.I.O|
|000056d0| 01 53 01 59 01 5e 01 5f | 01 61 01 66 01 67 01 70 |.S.Y.^._|.a.f.g.p|
|000056e0| 01 75 01 7b 01 81 01 87 | 01 8a 01 8e 01 91 01 96 |.u.{....|........|
|000056f0| 01 9b 01 a2 01 a7 01 ac | 01 b0 01 b3 01 b4 01 b7 |........|........|
|00005700| 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 | 6e 20 27 41 27 2e 0d 0d |s with a|n 'A'...|
|00005710| 43 4f 4e 43 4c 55 53 49 | 4f 4e 0d 09 48 6f 70 65 |CONCLUSI|ON..Hope|
|00005720| 66 75 6c 6c 79 2c 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 75 67 67 65 |fully, t|he sugge|
|00005730| 73 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 67 | 69 76 65 6e 20 61 62 6f |stions g|iven abo|
|00005740| 76 65 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 | 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 79 |ve will |enable y|
|00005750| 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 73 71 | 75 65 65 7a 65 20 74 68 |ou to sq|ueeze th|
|00005760| 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6f | 75 74 20 6f 66 20 79 6f |e most o|ut of yo|
|00005770| 75 72 20 42 61 73 69 63 | 20 56 20 70 72 6f 67 72 |ur Basic| V progr|
|00005780| 61 6d 73 2e 20 48 6f 77 | 65 76 65 72 2c 20 61 73 |ams. How|ever, as|
|00005790| 20 74 68 65 79 20 73 61 | 79 2c 20 27 59 6f 75 20 | they sa|y, 'You |
|000057a0| 64 6f 6e 27 74 20 67 65 | 74 20 6f 77 74 20 66 6f |don't ge|t owt fo|
|000057b0| 72 20 6e 6f 77 74 27 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 64 |r nowt',| and cod|
|000057c0| 69 6e 67 20 61 20 70 72 | 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 66 6f |ing a pr|ogram fo|
|000057d0| 72 20 73 70 65 65 64 20 | 77 69 6c 6c 20 71 75 69 |r speed |will qui|
|000057e0| 74 65 20 66 72 65 71 75 | 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 68 61 |te frequ|ently ha|
|000057f0| 76 65 20 61 6e 20 61 64 | 76 65 72 73 65 20 65 66 |ve an ad|verse ef|
|00005800| 52 49 53 43 20 55 73 65 | 72 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 |RISC Use|r Octobe|
|00005810| 72 20 31 39 38 38 01 05 | 02 05 01 05 01 05 01 05 |r 1988..|........|
|00005820| 01 05 01 05 01 05 01 05 | 01 05 02 03 01 03 01 07 |........|........|
|00005830| 01 06 01 07 01 06 01 09 | 01 08 01 06 01 07 01 07 |........|........|
|00005840| 01 05 01 05 01 08 01 07 | 01 02 00 04 01 07 01 05 |........|........|
|00005850| 01 0a 01 07 01 08 01 06 | 01 08 01 07 01 06 01 06 |........|........|
|00005860| 01 06 01 08 01 0c 01 07 | 01 06 01 06 01 03 01 05 |........|........|
|00005870| 01 03 01 06 01 08 02 04 | 01 07 01 07 01 07 01 07 |........|........|
|00005880| 01 07 01 03 01 07 01 06 | 01 02 00 02 01 05 01 02 |........|........|
|00005890| 01 0a 01 06 01 07 01 07 | 01 07 01 03 01 05 01 03 |........|........|
|000058a0| 01 06 01 06 01 08 01 06 | 01 06 01 05 01 04 03 06 |........|........|
|000058b0| 01 04 01 07 ff ff 01 08 | 01 08 01 07 01 05 01 07 |........|........|
|000058c0| 01 08 01 06 01 07 01 07 | 01 07 01 07 01 07 01 07 |........|........|
|000058d0| 01 07 01 07 01 07 01 07 | 01 07 01 02 01 02 00 02 |........|........|
|000058e0| 00 02 01 06 01 07 01 07 | 01 07 01 07 01 07 01 06 |........|........|
|000058f0| 01 06 01 06 01 06 01 06 | 02 04 01 06 01 07 01 05 |........|........|
|00005900| 6f 75 74 73 65 74 2c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e |outset, |and then|
|00005910| 20 63 6f 64 65 20 74 68 | 65 6d 20 74 6f 20 72 75 | code th|em to ru|
|00005920| 6e 20 71 75 69 63 6b 6c | 79 2c 20 61 73 20 74 68 |n quickl|y, as th|
|00005930| 65 20 70 6f 74 65 6e 74 | 69 61 6c 20 62 65 6e 65 |e potent|ial bene|
|00005940| 66 69 74 73 20 61 72 65 | 20 6d 75 63 68 20 67 72 |fits are| much gr|
|00005950| 65 61 74 65 72 2e 0d 0d | 00 ff c0 00 00 00 00 fa |eater...|........|
|00005960| 61 73 20 69 74 20 63 6f | 75 6c 64 20 62 65 2e 20 |as it co|uld be. |
|00005970| 59 6f 75 20 73 68 6f 75 | 6c 64 2c 20 74 68 65 72 |You shou|ld, ther|
|00005980| 65 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 63 | 6f 6e 63 65 6e 74 72 61 |efore, c|oncentra|
|00005990| 74 65 20 6f 6e 20 64 65 | 76 65 6c 6f 70 69 6e 67 |te on de|veloping|
|000059a0| 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 65 | 6e 74 2c 20 66 61 73 74 | efficie|nt, fast|
|000059b0| 2c 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 | 74 68 6d 73 20 61 74 20 |, algori|thms at |
|000059c0| 74 68 65 20 6f 75 74 73 | 65 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 |the outs|et, and |
|000059d0| 74 68 65 6e 20 63 6f 64 | 65 20 74 68 65 6d 20 74 |then cod|e them t|
|000059e0| 6f 20 72 75 6e 20 71 75 | 69 63 6b 6c 79 2c 20 61 |o run qu|ickly, a|
|000059f0| 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f | 74 65 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 |s the po|tential |
|00005a00| 52 55 01 08 01 08 01 08 | 01 08 01 08 01 08 01 08 |RU......|........|
|00005a10| 01 08 04 05 04 07 03 05 | 04 03 03 05 01 08 01 08 |........|........|
|00005a20| 01 08 01 08 01 08 01 08 | 01 08 01 08 01 08 01 08 |........|........|
|00005a30| 01 08 01 08 01 08 01 08 | 01 08 01 08 01 08 01 08 |........|........|
|00005a40| 01 08 01 08 01 08 01 08 | 01 08 01 08 01 08 01 08 |........|........|
|00005a50| 01 08 01 08 01 0a 01 08 | 01 0a 01 06 0a 01 00 02 |........|........|
|00005a60| 03 06 01 08 03 06 01 08 | 03 06 01 08 03 08 01 08 |........|........|
|00005a70| 01 08 01 0a 01 08 01 08 | 03 06 03 06 03 06 03 08 |........|........|
|00005a80| 03 08 03 06 03 06 01 08 | 03 06 03 06 03 06 03 06 |........|........|
|00005a90| 03 08 03 06 01 0a 01 08 | 01 0a 04 02 00 00 01 08 |........|........|
|00005aa0| 00 09 01 0b 00 09 00 09 | 01 08 01 08 00 09 00 09 |........|........|
|00005ab0| 00 09 01 08 00 09 00 09 | 03 09 00 09 00 09 00 09 |........|........|
|00005ac0| 01 08 00 09 00 09 00 09 | 01 08 00 09 00 09 00 09 |........|........|
|00005ad0| 00 09 01 08 00 09 00 09 | 00 09 00 09 01 08 01 0a |........|........|
|00005ae0| 02 04 01 08 01 08 01 0a | 04 02 01 0a 01 08 02 07 |........|........|
|00005af0| 02 07 02 04 00 02 01 01 | 04 05 01 08 01 08 05 03 |........|........|
|00005b00| 0d 09 54 68 65 20 61 63 | 74 75 61 6c 20 74 69 6d |..The ac|tual tim|
|00005b10| 69 6e 67 73 20 77 69 6c | 6c 20 64 65 70 65 6e 64 |ings wil|l depend|
|00005b20| 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f | on the |operatio|
|00005b30| 6e 73 20 70 65 72 66 6f | 72 6d 65 64 20 77 69 74 |ns perfo|rmed wit|
|00005b40| 68 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 6c 6f 6f 70 2c 20 62 75 |hin the |loop, bu|
|00005b50| 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 | 6d 65 20 6f 76 65 72 68 |t the ti|me overh|
|00005b60| 65 61 64 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 20 |ead will| remain |
|00005b70| 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 | 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6c 6f |the same|. The lo|
|00005b80| 6f 70 20 75 73 69 6e 67 | 20 47 4f 54 4f 20 69 73 |op using| GOTO is|
|00005b90| 20 74 68 65 20 73 6c 6f | 77 65 73 74 20 62 65 63 | the slo|west bec|
|00005ba0| 61 75 73 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 69 6e 74 65 72 70 72 |ause the| interpr|
|00005bb0| 65 74 65 72 20 68 61 73 | 20 74 6f 20 73 65 61 72 |eter has| to sear|
|00005bc0| 63 68 20 74 68 72 6f 75 | 67 68 20 74 68 65 20 70 |ch throu|gh the p|
|00005bd0| 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 66 | 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 61 |rogram f|or the a|
|00005be0| 70 70 72 6f 70 72 69 61 | 74 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 |ppropria|te line |
|00005bf0| 65 61 63 68 20 6c 69 6e | 65 20 65 61 63 68 20 20 |each lin|e each |
|00005c00| 52 49 53 43 20 55 73 65 | 72 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 |RISC Use|r Octobe|
|00005c10| 72 20 31 39 38 38 00 0b | 2a fe 00 16 55 fc 00 11 |r 1988..|*...U...|
|00005c20| e7 fe 00 00 02 c3 00 01 | 00 f0 02 43 01 0f ff 01 |........|...C....|
|00005c30| 01 60 c4 c7 00 16 55 fc | 00 21 80 fa 00 1d 12 fc |.`....U.|.!......|
|00005c40| 00 00 02 d1 00 1e 04 d0 | 02 43 01 0f ff 01 01 60 |........|.C.....`|
|00005c50| c4 c7 00 21 80 fa 00 2c | ab f8 00 28 3d fa 00 00 |...!...,|...(=...|
|00005c60| 02 d8 00 1e 03 7d 02 43 | 01 0f ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 |.....}.C|.....`..|
|00005c70| 00 2c ab f8 00 37 d6 f6 | 00 33 68 f8 00 00 02 e0 |.,...7..|.3h.....|
|00005c80| 00 1e 02 8b 02 43 01 0f | ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 00 37 |.....C..|...`...7|
|00005c90| d6 f6 00 43 01 f4 00 3e | 93 f6 00 00 02 e9 00 1e |...C...>|........|
|00005ca0| 06 cc 02 43 01 0f ff 01 | 01 60 c4 c7 00 43 01 f4 |...C....|.`...C..|
|00005cb0| 00 4e 2c f2 00 49 be f4 | 00 00 02 ef 00 1e 01 d6 |.N,..I..|........|
|00005cc0| 02 43 01 0f ff 01 01 60 | c4 c7 00 4e 2c f2 00 59 |.C.....`|...N,..Y|
|00005cd0| 57 f0 00 54 e9 f2 00 00 | 02 f9 00 0a 01 40 02 43 |W..T....|.....@.C|
|00005ce0| 01 0f ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 | 00 59 57 f0 00 64 82 ee |.....`..|.YW..d..|
|00005cf0| 00 60 14 f0 00 00 03 06 | 00 04 00 d0 02 43 01 0f |.`......|.....C..|
|00005d00| 69 66 66 65 72 65 6e 74 | 20 74 65 63 68 6e 69 71 |ifferent| techniq|
|00005d10| 75 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 | 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 69 |ues. The| first i|
|00005d20| 73 20 61 20 73 69 6d 70 | 6c 65 20 6c 6f 6f 70 20 |s a simp|le loop |
|00005d30| 75 73 69 6e 67 20 49 46 | 2d 54 48 45 4e 20 47 4f |using IF|-THEN GO|
|00005d40| 54 4f 2c 20 74 68 65 20 | 73 65 63 6f 6e 64 20 69 |TO, the |second i|
|00005d50| 73 20 61 20 46 4f 52 2d | 4e 45 58 54 20 6c 6f 6f |s a FOR-|NEXT loo|
|00005d60| 70 2c 20 74 68 65 20 74 | 68 69 72 64 20 75 73 65 |p, the t|hird use|
|00005d70| 73 20 52 45 50 45 41 54 | 2d 55 4e 54 49 4c 2c 20 |s REPEAT|-UNTIL, |
|00005d80| 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 | 66 69 6e 61 6c 20 6f 6e |and the |final on|
|00005d90| 65 20 75 73 65 73 20 57 | 48 49 4c 45 2d 45 4e 44 |e uses W|HILE-END|
|00005da0| 57 48 49 4c 45 2e 0d 0d | 54 61 62 6c 65 20 31 2e |WHILE...|Table 1.|
|00005db0| 0d 09 47 4f 54 4f 09 09 | 09 31 32 2e 38 36 20 73 |..GOTO..|.12.86 s|
|00005dc0| 0d 09 46 4f 52 20 4e 45 | 58 54 09 09 20 31 2e 34 |..FOR NE|XT.. 1.4|
|00005dd0| 38 20 73 0d 09 52 45 50 | 45 41 54 20 55 4e 54 49 |8 s..REP|EAT UNTI|
|00005de0| 4c 09 09 31 32 2e 31 38 | 20 73 0d 09 57 48 49 4c |L..12.18| s..WHIL|
|00005df0| 45 20 45 4e 44 57 48 49 | 4c 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 |E ENDWHI|LE |
|00005e00| 52 49 53 43 20 55 73 65 | 72 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 65 |RISC Use|r Octobe|
|00005e10| 72 20 31 39 38 38 01 0f | ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 00 c9 |r 1988..|...`....|
|00005e20| 05 dc 00 d4 30 da 00 cf | c2 dc 00 00 03 80 00 0e |....0...|........|
|00005e30| 04 80 02 43 01 0f ff 01 | 01 60 c4 c7 00 d4 30 da |...C....|.`....0.|
|00005e40| 00 df 5b d8 00 da ed da | 00 00 03 8c 00 0e 0f 30 |..[.....|.......0|
|00005e50| 02 43 01 0f ff 01 01 60 | c4 c7 00 df 5b d8 00 ea |.C.....`|....[...|
|00005e60| 86 d6 00 e6 18 d8 00 00 | 03 95 00 04 00 d0 02 43 |........|.......C|
|00005e70| 01 0f ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 | 00 ea 86 d6 00 f5 b1 d4 |.....`..|........|
|00005e80| 00 f1 43 d6 00 00 03 a3 | 00 0a 01 40 02 43 01 0f |..C.....|...@.C..|
|00005e90| ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 00 f5 | b1 d4 01 00 dc d2 00 fc |...`....|........|
|00005ea0| 6e d4 00 00 03 b0 00 0e | 04 80 02 43 01 0f ff 01 |n.......|...C....|
|00005eb0| 01 60 c4 c7 01 00 dc d2 | 01 0c 07 d0 01 07 99 d2 |.`......|........|
|00005ec0| 00 00 03 bc 00 0a 01 40 | 02 43 01 0f ff 01 01 60 |.......@|.C.....`|
|00005ed0| c4 c7 01 0c 07 d0 01 17 | 32 ce 01 12 c4 d0 00 00 |........|2.......|
|00005ee0| 03 c9 00 0e 08 10 02 43 | 01 0f ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 |.......C|.....`..|
|00005ef0| 01 17 32 ce 01 22 5d cc | 01 1d ef ce 00 00 03 d4 |..2.."].|........|
|00005f00| 20 66 6f 72 20 6e 6f 20 | 70 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 | for no |paramete|
|00005f10| 72 73 2c 20 66 6f 72 20 | 61 20 73 69 6e 67 6c 65 |rs, for |a single|
|00005f20| 20 64 75 6d 6d 79 20 70 | 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 | dummy p|arameter|
|00005f30| 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 | 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 70 |, and th|e same p|
|00005f40| 61 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 | 20 62 75 74 20 77 69 74 |arameter| but wit|
|00005f50| 68 20 52 45 54 55 52 4e | 20 75 73 65 64 20 69 6e |h RETURN| used in|
|00005f60| 20 74 68 65 20 64 65 66 | 69 6e 69 74 69 6f 6e 2e | the def|inition.|
|00005f70| 0d 0d 54 61 62 6c 65 20 | 32 2e 0d 41 73 20 79 6f |..Table |2..As yo|
|00005f80| 75 20 63 61 6e 20 73 65 | 65 2c 20 46 4e 20 69 73 |u can se|e, FN is|
|00005f90| 20 73 6c 6f 77 65 72 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 50 52 4f | slower |than PRO|
|00005fa0| 43 2c 20 62 65 63 61 75 | 73 65 20 61 20 76 61 6c |C, becau|se a val|
|00005fb0| 75 65 20 6d 75 73 74 20 | 62 65 20 72 65 74 75 72 |ue must |be retur|
|00005fc0| 6e 65 64 2c 20 61 6e 64 | 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 |ned, and| the use|
|00005fd0| 20 6f 66 20 61 20 52 45 | 54 55 52 4e 20 70 61 72 | of a RE|TURN par|
|00005fe0| 61 6d 65 74 65 72 20 69 | 73 20 73 6c 6f 77 65 72 |ameter i|s slower|
|00005ff0| 20 74 68 61 6e 20 61 20 | 0d 6e 6f 72 6d 61 6c 20 | than a |.normal |
|00006000| 52 55 49 b2 00 00 04 6d | 00 1e 02 8b 02 43 01 0f |RUI....m|.....C..|
|00006010| ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 01 be | b7 b0 01 c9 e2 ae 01 c5 |...`....|........|
|00006020| 74 b0 00 00 04 76 00 1e | 01 d6 02 43 01 0f ff 01 |t....v..|...C....|
|00006030| 01 60 c4 c7 01 c9 e2 ae | 01 d5 0d ac 01 d0 9f ae |.`......|........|
|00006040| 00 00 04 80 00 0e 0b a0 | 02 43 01 0f ff 01 01 60 |........|.C.....`|
|00006050| c4 c7 01 d5 0d ac 01 e0 | 38 aa 01 db ca ac 00 00 |........|8.......|
|00006060| 04 8a 00 10 00 2e 02 43 | 01 0f ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 |.......C|.....`..|
|00006070| 01 e0 38 aa 01 eb 63 a8 | 01 e6 f5 aa 00 00 04 98 |..8...c.|........|
|00006080| 00 0e 04 80 02 43 01 0f | ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 01 eb |.....C..|...`....|
|00006090| 63 a8 01 f6 8e a6 01 f2 | 20 a8 00 00 04 a4 00 10 |c.......| .......|
|000060a0| 00 d8 02 43 01 0f ff 01 | 01 60 c4 c7 01 f6 8e a6 |...C....|.`......|
|000060b0| 02 01 b9 a4 01 fd 4b a6 | 00 00 04 b0 00 41 00 f0 |......K.|.....A..|
|000060c0| 02 43 01 0f ff 01 01 60 | c4 c7 02 01 b9 a4 02 0c |.C.....`|........|
|000060d0| e4 a2 02 08 76 a4 00 00 | 04 bd 00 01 00 f0 02 43 |....v...|.......C|
|000060e0| 01 0f ff 01 01 60 c4 c7 | 02 0c e4 a2 02 18 0f a0 |.....`..|........|
|000060f0| 02 13 a1 a2 00 00 04 cb | 00 0e 04 80 02 43 01 0f |........|.....C..|
|00006100| 66 65 63 74 20 6f 6e 20 | 69 74 73 20 6c 65 6e 67 |fect on |its leng|
|00006110| 74 68 20 6f 72 20 6c 65 | 67 69 62 69 6c 69 74 79 |th or le|gibility|
|00006120| 2e 0d 0d 09 41 73 20 61 | 20 66 69 6e 61 6c 20 77 |....As a| final w|
|00006130| 6f 72 64 2c 20 69 74 20 | 64 6f 65 73 6e 27 74 20 |ord, it |doesn't |
|00006140| 6d 61 74 74 65 72 20 68 | 6f 77 20 6d 75 63 68 20 |matter h|ow much |
|00006150| 79 6f 75 20 74 72 79 20 | 61 6e 64 20 73 70 65 65 |you try |and spee|
|00006160| 64 20 75 70 20 61 20 62 | 61 64 6c 79 20 77 72 69 |d up a b|adly wri|
|00006170| 74 74 65 6e 20 70 72 6f | 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 69 74 |tten pro|gram, it|
|00006180| 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 6e 65 | 76 65 72 20 62 65 20 61 | will ne|ver be a|
|00006190| 73 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 | 65 6e 74 20 61 73 20 69 |s effici|ent as i|
|000061a0| 74 20 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 | 62 65 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 |t could |be. You |
|000061b0| 73 68 6f 75 6c 64 2c 20 | 74 68 65 72 65 66 6f 72 |should, |therefor|
|000061c0| 65 2c 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 | 6e 74 72 61 74 65 20 6f |e, conce|ntrate o|
|000061d0| 6e 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f | 70 69 6e 67 20 65 66 66 |n develo|ping eff|
|000061e0| 69 63 69 65 6e 74 2c 20 | 66 61 73 74 2c 20 61 6c |icient, |fast, al|
|000061f0| 67 6f 72 69 74 68 6d 73 | 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 |gorithms| at the |
|00006200| 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 65 | 20 74 69 6d 69 6e 67 73 |ives the| timings|
|00006210| 20 66 6f 72 20 31 30 30 | 30 30 20 72 75 6e 73 20 | for 100|00 runs |
|00006220| 67 69 76 65 6e 20 69 6e | 20 54 61 62 6c 65 20 33 |given in| Table 3|
|00006230| 2e 0d 0d 0d 54 61 62 6c | 65 20 33 2e 0d 0d 54 68 |....Tabl|e 3...Th|
|00006240| 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 | 74 69 6d 69 6e 67 20 69 |e first |timing i|
|00006250| 73 20 64 65 63 65 70 74 | 69 76 65 2c 20 62 65 63 |s decept|ive, bec|
|00006260| 61 75 73 65 20 77 68 65 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 75 |ause whe|n the su|
|00006270| 62 72 6f 75 74 69 6e 65 | 73 20 61 72 65 20 70 6c |broutine|s are pl|
|00006280| 61 63 65 64 20 61 74 20 | 74 68 65 20 65 6e 64 20 |aced at |the end |
|00006290| 6f 66 20 61 20 31 30 30 | 30 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 70 |of a 100|0 line p|
|000062a0| 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 2c 20 | 74 68 65 20 74 69 6d 65 |rogram, |the time|
|000062b0| 20 69 6e 63 72 65 61 73 | 65 73 20 74 6f 20 31 32 | increas|es to 12|
|000062c0| 00 00 00 00 00 ff c0 00 | 00 00 00 0c 00 00 e4 de |........|........|
|000062d0| ff ff 00 c8 00 00 00 0e | 00 01 52 d8 00 00 00 00 |........|..R.....|
|000062e0| 00 3f 00 00 00 38 00 00 | e4 d2 00 03 00 00 00 3f |.?...8..|.......?|
|000062f0| 00 03 00 00 00 0a 00 03 | 00 00 00 10 00 03 00 00 |........|........|
|00006300| 00 00 00 4e 00 00 00 04 | 00 6a 00 4e 00 00 00 06 |...N....|.j.N....|
|00006310| 00 03 00 00 00 4e 00 00 | 00 1e 00 04 00 00 00 0e |.....N..|........|
|00006320| 00 04 00 00 00 12 00 04 | 00 00 00 16 00 04 00 00 |........|........|
|00006330| 00 18 00 07 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00006340| 00 00 ff 40 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |...@....|........|
|00006350| 00 00 01 03 00 00 12 00 | 00 03 00 02 1f 03 10 02 |........|........|
|00006360| 34 80 00 80 00 dc ba 80 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |4.......|........|
|00006370| 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 36 | ea 06 01 00 00 80 00 06 |.......6|........|
|00006380| 01 80 01 00 0c 00 00 00 | 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........|
|00006390| 00 00 00 ff 00 00 ff ff | 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 1e |........|........|
|000063a0| 00 23 00 51 02 35 43 87 | ee b8 de bd 2a ee 00 00 |.#.Q.5C.|....*...|
|000063b0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 02 36 4e 00 01 |........|....6N..|
|000063c0| 00 00 80 00 06 01 80 01 | 00 0c 00 00 00 01 00 00 |........|........|
|000063d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | ff 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|.@......|
|000063e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 02 00 00 00 00 00 01 ff |........|........|
|000063f0| 20 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 | 01 03 00 00 00 80 00 00 | .......|........|
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
Only 25.0 KB of data is shown above.
